White Paper

Basics of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Learn about the fundamentals of confocal microscopes

In this 35-page white paper, learn about the basic principles of confocal microscopy and find a summary of all aspects related to the special nature of image formation in a confocal microscope.

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Principle of confocal fluorescence microscopy
Optical conditions and the basics of image formation
Sampling, digitizing process, and sources of noise
The physics behind

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Part 1: Optical Image Formation
Point spread function	9
Resolution and confocality	11
Resolution	12
Geometric optic confocality	13
Wave-optical confocality	14
Overview	17
Part 2: Signal Processing
Sampling and digitization	19
Types of A/D conversion	20
Nyquist theorem	20
Pixel size	22
Noise	23
Resolution and shot noise – resolution probability	24
Possibilities to improve SNR	26
Glossary	28
Part 3: Details
Pupil illumination	29
Optical coordinates	30
Image scanning microscopy (ISM)	31
Fluorescence	32
Sources of noise	34
Literature	35

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Basics of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Learn about the fundamentals of confocal microscopes

Download the White Paper

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Table of Contents