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法医昆虫学と法医陸水学
科学捜査における生体試料の同定と確実なドキュメンテーション
この領域の専門家には、顕微鏡を使って生体試料を確実に同定し、ドキュメンテーションすることが求められます。試料の形状や表面のユニークな特徴を、ナノやマイクロからマクロに至るまでのレベルで観察する必要があります。
法医陸水学では珪藻が重要な鍵を握っています。海水や淡水を吸い込むことで珪藻が臓器に入り込むことから、珪藻の解析が溺死の鑑別に役立ちます。珪藻は系統学的多様性と7万5千以上の分類群を有し、それぞれが特定のエコシステムに存在するため、溺死や衣類が水に触れた場所を極めて正確に絞り込むことができます。複雑なパターンのシリカ被殻を単離した後、光学顕微鏡や電子顕微鏡を使ったイメージングとドキュメンテーションを行います。良好なコントラストと解像度を持つ優れたイメージングデータは、珪素マップとの確実な比較解析に利用できます。
法医昆虫学において重要なのは、特定の状況でヒトの組織に定着する昆虫です。法医昆虫学ではヒトの組織で成長する昆虫の年齢を推定します。具体的には、虫卵や幼生が死体に定着した時期(コロニー形成からの最短時間)や昆虫の活動が始まった時期(死後経過時間)の推測などです。
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肉の上にいるオビカツオブシムシ(Dermestes ladarius)、動物製品につく害虫、法医昆虫学
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肉の上にいるオビカツオブシムシ(Dermestes ladarius)、動物製品につく害虫、法医昆虫学
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クロバエ(Calliphora vicina)、飲んでいる様子、cECP 2020、法医昆虫学
法医昆虫学は次のような場合に用いられます。
- 死亡した地理的な位置の同定
- 被害者と容疑者の関係付け
- 外傷部位の同定
- 死亡時期の判断
- 毒物学試料またはDNA試料としての使用
成長した昆虫の観察は通常容易ですが、虫卵、幼生、さなぎの区別が困難なことがあります。実体顕微鏡によって、そのような試料の立体的な観察を可能にします。様々なライフサイクルにある生体試料を調製せずにそのまま観察して、結果を記録することができます。自動化されたズーム式顕微鏡や電子顕微鏡を使うことで、イメージングが難しい試料であっても高分解能でのドキュメンテーションが可能です。