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微生物学向け顕微鏡ソリューション
感染症の予防、診断、治療
微生物学は、細菌、真菌、酵母、寄生虫、ウイルスなどの病原体による感染症の予防、診断、治療に関する医学の一分野です。微生物学者は病原体の性状やその伝播、感染、増殖の機序を調べることで、治療法を開発します。
近代細菌学の第一人者であるドイツの医師ロバート・コッホは、純粋培養法を用いることで結核、コレラ、炭疽の原因菌を初めて同定し、それによりノーベル医学賞を受賞しました。
ラボで感染症の同定に使われる主な方法は細菌培養です。組織や体液の検体を使い、選択培地でin vitroに増殖させることで、特定の病原菌の存在を調べます。培地は、固形培地(ほとんどの細菌と真菌)、液体培地(特定の寄生虫)、培養細胞(主にウイルス)のいずれかが使われます。病原菌を同定したら、それを光学顕微鏡で観察します。顕微鏡観察では、様々な非特異的、特異的染色法によりコントラストが改善します。例えばグラム染色では、細胞壁の構造の違いからグラム陽性菌とグラム陰性菌を区別することができます。
顕微鏡の要件
ほとんどの病原体は非常に小さいため(細菌の平均径は0.2~2.0 μm)、詳細な形態観察で球菌、桿菌、スピロヘータを見分けるには、高倍率の油浸対物レンズを備えた光学顕微鏡が必要です。蛍光顕微鏡を使えば、結核菌の一般的な同定や、免疫蛍光抗体法やFISH法を使った特異的検査など、特異性の高い観察が実現します。
微生物学では、微生物の種類を明確に区別し、詳細を明瞭に観察することが不可欠です。微生物学者は、便中のシスト、プロトゾア、虫卵、血液中のマラリア原虫、マイコバクテリア、その他の病原微生物を観察するための、鮮明な画像を必要とします。顕微鏡観察には、明視野、位相差、暗視野、免疫蛍光法、FISH法を使用します。顕微鏡の光学的品質、付属カメラによるデジタルドキュメンテーションの正確さ、人間工学に基づく機器の設計が、患者検体のスクリーニングに多大な影響を与えます。
アプリケーション例
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