![版权:H.Wolff,德国纽伦堡GSF分子病毒学研究所 版权:H.Wolff,德国纽伦堡GSF分子病毒学研究所]({"xsmall":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.100.100.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","small":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.360.360.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","medium":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.638.638.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","large":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.638.638.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","xlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.638.638.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","xxlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.638.638.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg","max":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.638.638.353,0,991,638.file/viroloy_wallpaper.jpg"})
用于病毒学的显微镜解决方案
病毒和病毒性疾病研究
病毒学是微生物学中的一个重要领域,涉及病毒和病毒性疾病研究。病毒对人类的影响十分巨大,它们可以引发严重的地方性甚至是大范围流行病,如西班牙流感(H1N1流感病毒)、艾滋病(人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV)、登革热(登革热病毒DENV)或最近肆虐的Covid-19(冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2)。
研究病毒、病毒与宿主细胞的相互作用以及对病毒的免疫应答有助于开发针对病毒病原体的疫苗和治疗方法。因此,病毒学通常与免疫学密切相关。
在临床常规检查中,可以使用多种实验室方法来确认病毒感染。随着分子技术的出现和血清学检测灵敏度的提高,病毒学得到迅速发展,用于病毒学检测的样品种类日渐繁多。
许多病毒可以在实验室的细胞培养中生长。为此,病毒学家将病毒样品与合适的宿主细胞进行混合,这一过程称为吸附或接种,之后细胞被感染并复制产生更多病毒。虽然部分病毒需要特定类型的细胞才能复制,但也有细胞支持多种病毒的生长,如非洲绿猴肾细胞系(Vero细胞)、人肺成纤维细胞(MRC-5)和人表皮样癌细胞(HEp-2)。
了解细胞是否成功复制病毒的一种方法是使用用于细胞培养应用的倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化或细胞死亡增加(细胞凋亡)。这些诱导的形态变化称为致细胞病变效应(CPE)。光学显微镜也是一种有用的工具,可以快速有效地观察组织病理学变化,如细胞内病毒在细胞质包涵体中的典型聚集体。一个突出的例子是内基氏小体,这是一种较大的病理性细胞包涵体,通常可在各种神经细胞中用苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)观察到,用于检测狂犬病病毒感染。
荧光显微技术在病毒学中日益重要。免疫荧光是诊断和量化某些病毒感染的一种方法。荧光标记法和显微镜设备的进步为对宿主-病毒相互作用、病毒传播和病毒复制进行更精细的研究开辟了更多可能性,如通过细胞区室和病毒之间的共定位测量。这些显微镜系统具有更高的灵敏度、分辨率和自动化程度,为筛查应用提供了基础,使研究人员能够获得有关病毒感染细胞的大量信息,如经过药物治疗后的效果。
电子显微镜通常用于检查超微结构和识别某些病毒。光电关联显微镜技术(CLEM)尤其可以提供有关病毒与宿主之间相互作用的独特洞察。
对显微镜的要求
在对细胞培养进行观察和维护时,倒置光学显微镜是必不可少的工具,因为其占地面积小、具有LED荧光选件、良好的人体工程学设计和用于可靠数字记录的高质量光学元件。免疫荧光开辟了通过直接(DFA)或间接荧光抗体(IFA)试验(包括针对单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、甲型流感、其他呼吸道病毒和肠道病毒的抗体检测试剂盒)快速检测病毒制剂的方法。
自动化箱式显微镜集成了校准、环境控制和荧光选件,非常适合具有高通量需求的实验室环境,可对细胞培养物和组织进行全自动二维和三维筛查。共聚焦显微镜使病毒学家可以选择更深入研究细胞入侵细节,并为使用免疫电子显微镜开展进一步研究制备相应的样品。
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的新发展可以满足病毒研究的分辨率和图像质量要求。大观察视野成像模式与相关光学显微镜和自动化工作流相结合,大大节省了寻找相关病毒点的时间,并可快速提供三维结果。
应用实例
![GFP标记的巨细胞病毒的细胞内和膜结合分布 GFP标记的巨细胞病毒的细胞内和膜结合分布]({"xsmall":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.100.75.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","small":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.360.270.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","medium":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.768.576.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","large":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1024.768.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","xlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1280.960.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","xxlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1440.1080.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg","max":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1773.1330.69,11,1842,1342.file/fluorescencee_cytomegaloviruses_shuttle-and-find.jpg"})
![细胞的特征形状表明其为轮状病毒细胞。 细胞的特征形状表明其为轮状病毒细胞。]({"xsmall":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.100.75.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","small":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.360.270.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","medium":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.768.576.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","large":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1024.768.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","xlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1280.960.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","xxlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1440.1080.file/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg","max":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original./stem-detector_rotavirus-cells_evo.jpg"})
![病毒与细菌在细菌培养皿上的相互作用 病毒与细菌在细菌培养皿上的相互作用]({"xsmall":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.100.75.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","small":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.360.270.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","medium":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.768.576.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","large":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1024.768.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","xlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1280.960.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","xxlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1440.1080.file/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg","max":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original./him-ecoli-orion-nanofab.jpg"})
![针对博尔纳病毒抗原和破伤风毒素染色的原代神经元培养物 针对博尔纳病毒抗原和破伤风毒素染色的原代神经元培养物]({"xsmall":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.100.75.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","small":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.360.270.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","medium":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.768.576.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","large":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1024.768.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","xlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1280.960.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","xxlarge":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1440.1080.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg","max":"https://www.zeiss.com/content/dam/rms/reference-master/applications/laboratory-and-routine/clinical-laboratory/virology/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/original.image_file.1556.1167.0,1,1556,1168.file/confocal_neurons-lsm.jpg"})